6. INCOME TAXES

Income Tax (Expense) Benefit

A reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory tax rate to our income tax (expense) benefit for 2020, 2019 and 2018, is as follows (in thousands):

Significant components of our income tax (expense) benefit for 2020, 2019 and 2018, were as follows (in thousands):

Deferred Taxes

Significant components of our deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2020 and 2019, were as follows (in thousands):

At December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had total DTAs of $29.3 million and $22.8 million, respectively (including U.S. federal net operating loss(es) (“NOL(s)”) DTAs of $19.3 million and $14.9 million, respectively).  On a periodic and ongoing basis, we evaluate our DTAs (including our NOL DTAs) and assess the appropriateness of our valuation allowance(s) (“VA(s)”).  In assessing the need for a VA, we consider both positive and negative evidence related to the likelihood of realizing our DTAs.  If, based upon the available evidence, our assessment indicates that it is more likely than not that some or all of the DTAs will not be realized, we record a VA. Our assessments include, among other things, the amount of taxable temporary differences that will result in future taxable income, the value and quality of our backlog, evaluations of existing and anticipated market conditions, analysis of recent and historical operating results (including cumulative losses over multiple periods) and projections of future results and strategic plans, as well as asset expiration dates.  As a result of our assessment and due to cumulative losses for the three years ended December 31, 2020, we believe the negative evidence outweighs the positive evidence with respect to our ability to realize our U.S. federal NOL DTAs, and accordingly, at December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had VAs of $23.1 million and $15.1 million, respectively, offsetting our total DTAs.

At December 31, 2020, we had gross U.S. federal NOL carryforwards (excluding VAs) of $92.1 million, of which $42.3 million will expire in 2037 with the remaining U.S. federal NOL carryforwards eligible to be carried forward indefinitely, subject to an 80% limitation on taxable income in each year. We had gross state NOL carryforwards (excluding VAs) of $45.1 million, which will expire from 2035 through 2040.

Uncertain Tax Positions

Reserves for uncertain tax positions are recognized when we consider it more likely than not that additional tax will be due in excess of amounts reflected in our income tax returns, irrespective of whether or not we have received tax assessments.  Interest and penalties on uncertain tax positions are recorded within income tax expense. At December 31, 2020 and 2019, we had no material reserves for uncertain tax positions. Tax returns subject to examination by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service are open for years after 2014.